Your in maps Information
Maps of places give details as to the geographic location, physical characteristics, climate profile, vegetative structure, flora and fauna, soil structure, latitude and longitude, etc. Over the years, these maps were used in schools and colleges, offices and in houses for the purpose of education and/or reference. These maps used to be in paper-printed two-dimensional formats. Now three-dimensional, interactive or dynamic maps represent more accurate and up-to-date information.
The art and science of map-making is called cartography. Maps are created representing political, geographical and other particular aspects. Most of the maps are drawn on a scale, say 1: 10,000, meaning that one unit of measurement on the map represents 10,000 units on the land. Maps depicting land areas are called ‘political maps’ or ‘physical maps’. Political maps show land boundaries or territorial boarders between states and provinces, say those between India and China or Maharashtra and Gujarat. Physical maps depict geographical features such as terrain structure, mountains, deserts, plateaus, rivers, land under use, etc.
Cartographers use a system called ‘projection’ to depict the three-dimensional data of the surface of the Earth to a two-dimensional presentation. The ‘Mercator Projection’ is the most popular projection for the map of the world. In the aeronautical realm, they use conical projections. With the galloping strides in the information technology, cartography has attained greater sophistication. Geographic Information System (GIS) has made it more scientific, accurate and adaptive to fluctuations in various fronts. Labeling is the system of specifying geographic features like cities, lakes, rivers, etc. in a map. For cartographers, labeling is difficult with the increase in density.
Maps are created for the world, the continents, the countries, the provinces or states, smaller units like districts, cities, towns, etc. For instance, you can have the map of India, map of Delhi, map of Haryana, or the map of Gurgaon. Maps of cities show the roads, rails and other urban transport routes, landmarks like rivers, lakes, historic monuments, important institutions, bazaars, etc.
For instance, in the
Map of Gurgaon you can find roads like NH 8, Basai Road, Railway Road, Sohna Road, Mahrauli Road, Old Delhi Road, etc. You can find localities like DLF Phase I, II, III and IV, Sushant Lok, Wazirabad, Islampur, Patel Nagar, Udyog vihar, Palam Vihar, Palam Vihar, Jhasra, HSEB Colony, etc. You can easily locate in the Gurgaon map the various institutions, establishments and landmarks such as: Apra Motels, Bristol Hotel, Fortune Hotel, Claremont Hotel, Park Plaza, etc. Tourists and visitors to the city find it convenient to locate the various places in the city with the help of the map of Gurgaon.
Article author: joseph smith
Since the early days of humanity, people have created maps. At the beginning very simple, and later more and more complex.
A map is a simplified depiction of a space which highlights relations between components (objects, regions) of that space. Most usually a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representation of a three-dimensional space; e.g., a geographical map. More generally, maps can be devised to represent any local property of the world or part of it, or any other space, such as the brain.
Map-making dates back to the Stone Age and appears to predate written language by several millennia. One of the oldest surviving maps is painted on a wall of the Catal Huyuk settlement in south-central Anatolia (now Turkey); it dates from about 6200 BC. One who makes maps professionally or privately is called a cartographer.
Geographic maps are abstract representations of the world. It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. Lewis Carroll made this point humorously in Sylvie and Bruno with his mention of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well". This concept is elaborated in a one-paragraph story by Jorge Luis Borges, generally known in English as "On Exactitude in Science".
Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work).
Many but not all maps are drawn to a scale, allowing the reader to infer the actual sizes of, and distances between, depicted objects. A larger scale shows more detail, thus requiring a larger map to show the same area. For example, maps designed for the hiker are often scaled at the ratio 1:24,000, meaning that 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds to 24,000 of that same unit in reality; while maps designed for the motorist are often scaled at 1:250,000. Maps which use some quality other than physical area to determine relative size are called cartograms.
A famous example of a map without scale is the London Underground map, which best fulfils its purpose by being less physically accurate and more visually communicative to the hurried glance of the commuter. This is not a cartogram (since there is no consistent measure of distance) but a topological map that also depicts approximate bearings. The simple maps shown on some directional road signs are further examples of this kind.
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Article author: darshan.9870 a
Mind-maps are the creation of Tony Buzan, the memory expert. The basic principle is that the mind dislikes traditional, linear note taking and thus anything we write should start in the centre of the page with related ideas branching out in all directions. This tool has been successfully used by managers to organise, brainstorm, and even to prepare notes for speeches. Do a search for mind-maps on the Internet and you will find plenty of good examples. I think that mind-maps can be an important and effective asset to anyone who wants to learn a language.
Why traditional note taking is ineffective
I observe my students in class writing down the new vocabulary that comes up in class. More often than not, a student will write down the new word with the translation in his own language next to it. Of course, writing things down is necessary if you want to review later. But at the end of one lesson, the student has a couple of pages of new words that are completely at random – apple, happy, gun, gloat, keyboard, violet, etc. Impossible to retain a list of words like this. Even if you tried to memorise them, the fact that they are irrelevant to each other makes it difficult to remember them.
Mind-maps – a better way
Use mind maps to make “vocabulary networks”. This involves writing a single word, your theme, in the centre of the page and linking words that go with it. Let’s take “theft” as an example. Draw a line from the word “theft” to a new bubble with a description in it - “Theft from a bank” –then write the word “robbery” next to it. Then the word for the person, “robber”, the verb, “to rob”. You can continue to fill the page with “shoplifting”, “mugging”, “pick pocketing”, burglary”, etc, noting all the related words you can think of. Use a dictionary to find the words in the language you are studying. Now you have a page of words that are relevant to each other, thus making them easier to recall when you are talking in your new language. Mind-maps are even more effective if you add little drawings and lots of colour – your brain likes to be entertained!
By the way, this exercise is great in your own language to improve your vocabulary. Use a good dictionary of synonyms (like Roget’s Thesaurus) to get a richer vocabulary.
Jonathan Lewis is an English teacher in Provence, France. He has used mind-maps to help him learn French as well as for making presentations and problem solving activities. Read his advice about learning languages at learning languages You can see examples of mind-maps at mind-maps for learning languages.
Article Source:
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