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If we look at all the chemicals that man uses for his daily living in the 20th century, we are likely to find that they are in the vast majority derived from one single substance - petroleum. This is certainly true in modern agriculture, in medicine, and in the textile industry - where both the dyes and the fibers themselves are synthetics made from various treatments of crude oil. Bitumen is one of them.
Bitumen is a generic term referring to flammable, brown or black mixtures of tar like hydrocarbons, derived naturally or by distillation from petroleum. It can be in the form of viscous oil to a brittle solid, including asphalt, tars, and natural mineral waxes. Substances containing bitumens are called bituminous. Another form of Bitumen, coal, was used as the primary energy source in the industrial revolution. In British English, 'bitumen' is often used interchangeably with both 'asphalt' and 'tar'. In American English, 'bitumen' is most commonly used in engineering jargon to explicitly include both asphalt- and tar-based materials. In Australian English, 'bitumen' is used as the generic term for road surfaces.
In the past, bitumen was used to waterproof boats, and even as a coating for buildings; it is possible, for example, that the city of Carthage was easily burnt down due to extensive use of bitumen in construction.
Bitumen is primarily used for paving roads. Its other uses are for the general waterproofing products, including the use of bitumen in the production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. It is also the prime feed stock for petroleum production from tar sands currently under development in Alberta, Canada.
Many arguments has been given related to the formation of bitumen. As most geologists believe that naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae and other once-living things. These organisms died and their remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where they lived. Under the heat and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.
A minority of geologists, proponents of the theory of abiogenic petroleum origin, believe that bitumen and other hydrocarbons heavier than methane originally derive from deep inside the mantle of the earth rather than biological detritus.
Thus, tar like substance extensively used for making roads is available in various specifications. For similar products please visit www.tekxchange.com.
Article author: Mr.S. Khanna
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly alkanes) of various lengths. Petroleum literally means rock oil; oil that comes from rock. Petroleum or Crude Oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon-based liquid which is sometimes present in porous rocks beneath the earth's surface. Petroleum is formed by the slow alteration of organic remains over time. It consists of a mixture of liquid hydrocarbon compounds and varies widely in composition, color, density, and viscosity. This liquid after distillation yields a range of combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. Compounds and mixtures of compounds separated from crude petroleum by distillation include gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, fuel oil, some types of alcohol, benzene, heavy naphtha, different grades of lubricating oils and residuum. Petroleum is usually classified according to the predominance of paraffin or asphalted compounds and accordingly is said to have a paraffin base, an intermediate base, or an asphalt base.
Oil wells are drilled as deep as six miles into the Earth to search for petroleum. These wells can cost millions of dollars to drill, yet drilling is done because petroleum is a valuable natural resource. Although the major use of petroleum is as a fuel (gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil) and petroleum and natural gas are often used to generate electricity, there are many other uses as well.
Here are some of the ways petroleum is used in our every day lives. All plastic is made from petroleum and plastic is used almost everywhere, in cars, houses, toys, computers and clothing. Asphalt used in road construction is a petroleum product as is the synthetic rubber in the tires. Paraffin wax comes from petroleum, as do fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, detergents, phonograph records, photographic film, furniture, packaging materials, surfboards, paints and artificial fibers used in clothing, upholstery, and carpet backing. Helium, sulfur and other valuable materials are produced from oil wells along with petroleum itself. Petroleum is used principally as a source of fuel and lubricating oils. Only when these supplies are restricted or threatened does the average person begin to realize their importance.
The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the five Arab countries: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), U.A.E., Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait.
Millions of people around the world are employed to find or produce petroleum, ship and refine it and manufacture and market the many
oils and waxes made from it.
Although there are many alternatives to
petroleum fuels, an analysis of costs and benefits shows that petroleum is superior in most every area. Hydrogen, ethanol, hybrid, and biomass technologies are promising for automobiles and may soon increase efficiency and reduce emissions; but many of these technologies have not yet proven sufficiently profitable to providers or attractive to consumers. Petroleum retains a key advantage because the price of oil remains low compared to forms of energy with lower environmental impacts, like wind and solar power. Unlike hydrogen or even natural gas, oil is easily transportable and there is a vast infrastructure in place to support its use.
There are many factors due to which oil prices are rising but still petroleum is a necessity. These reasons are lack of available capacity across the oil supply chain in production, refinery upgrading and transportation infrastructure; surging demand in emerging economies; apparent insensitivity of consumers to the price signal; uncertainties related to the weather (hurricanes) or to politics (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Nigeria); and increasing activity in the commodities markets. It is not very useful to blame any single player in the game. This could pose danger to the economy and business of the world.
Therefore, benefits of petroleum have brought enumerable benefits to human civilization: quality of life, dynamic prosperity and a source of income to energy traders.
Sheryl Joaquin is handling marketing department in SunImpex, situated in Dubai. The website
www.sunimpex.biz offers exclusive information regarding various petroleum products. We provide Base Oil, Fuel Oil, Bitumen, Spindle Oil and other petroleum products including Waxes. We appreciate your feedback and queries at marketing@sunimpex.biz
Article author: Sheryl Joaquin
Market prices for petroleum are moving upwards. This movement can be stopped only when alternate liquid fuels will become available in large quantities. OPEC (Organization of Oil Exporting Countries) controls and sets global prices for petroleum.
US oil companies follow the OPEC price lead gladly and are reaping excessive profits. Available petroleum reserves are being depleted at a rapid pace. For more detail go to: www.greateducationonline.com. Demand is overtaking supplies. Discoveries of new petroleum deposits are plummeting. Excessive prices for transportation fuels will lead to economic hardships and eventual economic collapse. World economies must find alternate liquid fuel supplies or they will self-destruct.
Remaining petroleum reserves are estimated at 1.3 to 2.3 trillion barrels. These reserves can only last 25 to 50 years at consumption rates that will exceed 50 billion barrels per year on an average for the next fifty years. This huge consumption will add more than 100 pap of carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere, which is already overloaded.
Transportation fuels are the lifeblood of modern economies. Foods, goods, and commodities must be transported to reach consumers. Short interruptions in transportation lead to economic crises. Long-term interruptions lead unavoidably to economic disasters and collapses. Governments and industries have not been able to develop sensible solutions for secure, future fuel supplies.
Many options for extending or replacing petroleum and its many refinery products have been proposed. Finding new petroleum deposits, making petroleum substitutes from coal or oil shale, producing ethanol from food crops, producing hydrogen using nuclear power, legislating "Cap and Trade" policies, and demanding strict energy conservation measures have been suggested. None of these energy supply options can withstand closer scrutiny and analysis.
If none of these popular proposals is acceptable in the final analysis, is there any solution left that can be developed in time, can be used for several centuries, will not slow global economies, and will in fact accelerate economic growth for all the world's countries?
Only one single option for saving our world from economic collapse exists. We must learn how to convert solar energy into liquid fuels and we must prevent the use of precious, limited, fertile lands that produce food crops, feed livestock, or grow forests. We must learn how to grow and breed high energy yield plants, plants that have high energy contents and produce large amounts of biomass on a single acre of land.
Additionally, we must find energy conversion processes that convert biomass into petroleum substitutes and we must modify existing refinery techniques to produce liquid motor fuels from biotic petroleum substitutes. For more detail go to:: www.greatindustrialguide.com. None of these process steps is utopian. All of them can be developed and tested on a large scale in less than two decades.
The benefits of such an approach are manifold and exceptional. The world will be enabled to produce affordable, plentiful, and secure liquid fuels for centuries. Competition between food and energy producers for fertile lands is not necessary and must be outlawed. The continued use of the world's inventory of combustion engines installed in automobiles, trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes is assured. The world's facilities for oil refining and fuel distribution can be used without major changes. A seamless transition from a fossil fuel dominated economies to solar based economies is entirely possible. Millions of new jobs across the globe will be created. Nobody loses, most people win.
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Article author: JHON RICKY
