Your lancashire family history society Information
Manchester occupies a hallowed place in the history of England because of its key role in the Industrial Revolution. Today, it is also known as a centre of the arts, media, commerce and higher education. There are some who consider Manchester to be England’s second city, but Birmingham can also lay claim to that distinction.
At present, Manchester is being considered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for possible inclusion as a World Heritage Site. UNESCO has taken note of Manchester’s network of canals and mills, important contributors to the city’s development during the 19th century Industrial Revolution.
The history of Manchester can be traced back to Roman times when it was first settled. General Gnaeus Julius Agricola established a fort in old Manchester to serve as a trading and staging post between York and Chester. During the Dark Ages, troops abandoned the fort and the entire area went undeveloped for some time as settlement shifted to other areas, particularly near the Irwell and Irk rivers. Later on, manorial lord Thomas De La Warre, who was also a priest, gave the site to the church and in 1422, the fortified manor house was turned into the College of Priests, which is now Chetham’s School of Music. The Collegiate Church was constructed later on. It is actually today’s Manchester Cathedral.
In 1301, the city turned into a market town upon receiving its Charter. This was followed by a strong migration of Flemish settlers who further propelled the growth of Manchester through their thriving new cotton and textile industry. Manchester soon became the premiere industrial centre of Lancashire.
By the 19th century, Manchester was known as ‘Cottonopolis’ in honour of its primary produce and in recognition of its stature as the centre of the region’s prosperous cotton industry. Manchester made great strides in the area of infrastructure with the construction of the city’s world renowned canal system and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Shortly thereafter, Manchester evolved into the leading industrial centre in the world and its first industrial society.
The evolution of Manchester as an industrial society was fast and revolutionary as new industrial processes, new forms of labour organization and new ways of thinking originated from the city and captured the world’s attention. The ‘Manchester School’, which promoted free trade and laissez-faire, was emulated in other places. Entrepreneurs and industrialists from all over Europe trekked to Manchester to study the way they did things. "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow," became a popular saying. It was also during this time that Manchester experienced a great surge in population with the immigration of Lancastarians, Jews and the Irish.
In the late 19th century, turmoil struck Manchester as the working and non-titled classes rebelled against the ruling class, culminating with the events known as ‘Peterloo’ on St. Peter’s Field on August 16, 1819. Manchester has since played a prominent role in the labour movement. It hosted the first Trade Union Congress in June 1868 and is recognized as the cradle of the Labour party and the Suffragette Movement.
The last quarter of the 19th century marked Manchester’s golden age. During this period, construction was completed on many of the city’s great architectural landmarks, including its town hall and the Manchester Ship Canal, which allowed foreign ships to sail straight to the Port of Manchester Docks. When the docks of the Port of Manchester closed in the seventies, there was massive unemployment in the area.
The establishment of Trafford Park in Stretford, the world’s first industrial estate, further stamped the city’s stature as an industrial powerhouse. However, its place in the world of industry took a hit with the depression that followed the war and with the development of new structures and processes that supplanted the old industries such as textile manufacturing, once the city’s bread and butter industry.
By World War II, Manchester had shifted to heavy industrial construction. It hosted the offices and production plant of Avro, the manufacturer of aircraft for the RAF, most notable of which was the popular Avro Lancaster bomber. The war saw many Luftwaffe attacks on Manchester, including the infamous 1941 Christmas Blitz, which resulted in massive damage throughout the city, including the historic Cathedral.
Manchester formally split from Lancashire county in 1974 with the creation of the Borough of Manchester.
In recent history, Manchester made worldwide news when an IRA bomb exploded in the city centre on June 15, 1996. It marked the largest bomb to ever be detonated in British soil, resulting in more than 200 injuries and, thankfully, no deaths. Most of the damage involved nearby buildings and other structures.
Subsequent reconstruction efforts have changed the city landscape significantly as several historic sections of the city were either demolished or modernized with glass and steel. The fully-renovated Manchester Arndale opened in September 2006 and captured the title of Europe’s biggest city centre shopping mall.
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Every minute of ever day, someone is a victim of violence. Everyday, members of society are attacked or violently acted upon while going to work, going to school, going out socially, and many people are victims of violence within our own home. When pondering the sources of violence in our society, many reasons for such actions come to mind. One may say violence is simply an unavoidable part of human nature. One may say that people bring themselves into danger perpetuating a violent scenario. It is also a popular opinion to blame media as the culprit for violence in our society. And though the media may relate to the public what occurs within it’s own society, or cater to the public with violent entertainment, the media, itself, is not to blame for the violence in our society.
It has been in the during the twentieth century that forms and influences of the media have expanded and gained popularity as technology progressed. And though there were effective forms of media prior to the twentieth century, never had the media had the expanse or power that it does today. Before mass publication, radio, and television, people were relatively free of the media in relation to the people of today, and still people took part in and were victims of violence.
When pondering the issue of society’s violence in relation to the media, it may be best to ponder the issue of the media’s violence in relation to the society. All forms of media are developed within the society that they exist in; therefore the movies, the television, the newspapers, and radio shows are products of the society. Violent movies are representations of someone’s, or a group of people’s ideas, ideas that form with in our society.
It is reasonable to see that the media is not some giant entity that is at large in our society. All people contribute to the media it is the people within the society that choose to watch the violent television shows, read the tabloids, pay to see the movies. Considering these points, it is quite east to conclude that violence in society is not caused by the media, but by the people and culture within it.
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Women's writing styles have changed over the years as women's roles have changed in this world. The more that woman's roles have changed the more that their writing changes.
There are many reasons to account for the changes in women's writing. At first, in the early years, women were not even allowed to be writers. After women were allowed to become writers, they didn't write about what interested them, they wrote about what about what would interest men. Women writers were writing for a male audience. That soon changed women were writing more about things that were of interest to women because now women were writing for a female audience.
Another reasons that can account for the change in women's writing is that woman's role in life have changed. Women don't all have the same role in life, taking care of the home and family. When women's roles only consisted of taking care of the home, their children, and husband, their writings were very different than when the women were out in the world doing different things. Some women's writing inferred that they were being suppressed because they wanted more out of life that what the men would allow them to have. When women felt suppressed in their lives they brought that feeling into their writing. Later, after women could do more with their lives and didn't feel maybe as suppressed by men, women's writing changed.
Another reasons that can account for the change in women's writing are the change in what concerns women now from what the concerns of women years ago. When the concerns of women change, the writing changes too. At one point the only major concern that women had was their family and the home. Now, women have more concerns about themselves and their careers. It's not to say that women are not concerned with their family and home anymore, it's just to say that now women have more to be concerned with, and that can account for the writing change.
Still, another reason that can account for the writing change in women is their general role in society has changed over time. Before women didn't really have a role in society. Men were the only people that matter in society. Men made all the decisions about what was going on in the society and also what doesn't go in the society. Slowly women began to have more of a role in society, the more of role women began to have in society, the more their writing changed to reflect that role.
Another major reason the women's writing has changed is that of education. How women are educated has a lot to do with their writing. In Freire's "The Banking Concept of Education"; effects the change in writing, when students are just taught the information, and can't ask nay questions; it leaves no room for imagination. But when students are taught to ask questions, and to wonder about what you are taught, it leaves room for the imagination and that leaves a lot of room for change in writing. The more one is taught to use their imagination the more imaginative the writing will be.
These were some of the important reasons that can account for the changes in women's writing. The more that women change the more their writings will change.
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Article author: Deniel Gregg
